Freight shipping isn't just about moving goods — it's also about managing the right paperwork. Each mode of freight transportation comes with its own set of required documents, many of which are legally binding. And if you're shipping internationally, the documentation gets even more complex, playing a key role in customs clearance and regulatory compliance.
This comprehensive blog breaks down exactly what you need for each mode of freight transportation and offers tips to help you stay compliant, avoid delays and streamline your logistics processes.
Why Freight Documents Matter
Whether you're moving goods by truck, plane, train or ship, freight documents play a central role in making sure your shipment reaches its destination without issues. Accurate paperwork is essential not only for transport but also for legal compliance, billing, claims management and recordkeeping.
As your third-party logistics provider (3PL), GlobalTranz supports you in preparing and managing your documents — but knowing the essentials can help you stay ahead of the game.
Required Freight Documents by Mode
Each freight mode has a primary document that serves as a contract and shipping record. Here's a breakdown of what you'll need when shipping freight:
Road freight (LTL & TL): Bill of lading (BOL)
For both less-than-truckload (LTL) and truckload (TL) shipments, the bill of lading (BOL) is the foundational document. In addition to providing essential information about the shipper, recipient and content, it also acts as a legal contract between the shipper and the carrier.
- LTL BOL requires precision. You'll need to include the freight class, NMFC code, dimensions, weight and a detailed description of the goods. Errors can result in reclassification fees or delivery delays.
- TL BOL is generally simpler because the shipment travels on a dedicated truck, but it's still essential to provide accurate information.
Air freight documents
The core air freight document is the air waybill, which functions similarly to a BOL. It contains shipping details like the weight, dimensions, value and description of goods — and serves as a contract between you and the airline. The air waybill is usually prepared by the carrier based on information you provide, so accuracy is critical.
Rail freight: BOL or waybill
Rail shipments require either a bill of lading or a waybill, depending on the nature of the journey.
- Use a BOL when the shipment might be transferred to a third party, like a freight forwarder.
- Use a waybill for direct-to-consignee shipments that don't change hands during transit. A waybill is non-transferable and suited for more straightforward deliveries.
Ocean freight: Bill of lading or sea waybill
When shipping via sea, your primary ocean freight document will be either a bill of lading or a sea waybill:
- A BOL is required if the cargo might change hands during transit.
- A sea waybill works best for direct shipments without third-party involvement.
Recommended Documents for All Freight Modes
While not always mandatory, these supporting documents are highly recommended — and often required by carriers, recipients or customs agencies.
- Packing list: A detailed list of the shipment's contents, including quantities and descriptions. It's useful for dispute resolution and required by many carriers.
- Insurance certificate: Proof of freight insurance coverage that helps protect your shipment — especially valuable for international freight.
- Compliance certificates: Depending on the cargo, you may need proof that items meet specific safety, environmental or manufacturing standards — whether for the United States or the import country.
- Hazmat documentation: These documents detail the classification, packaging and handling requirements for dangerous goods.
- Shipper's Declaration for Dangerous Goods (Air)
- Hazardous Materials Shipping Papers
- Safety Data Sheets (SDS) (Road)
Essential Records from Your Carrier or 3PL
Some freight documents are provided to you post-shipment — by a carrier or 3PL — and are key to your internal tracking and billing.
- Proof of delivery (POD): Confirmation that the shipment was successfully delivered to the intended recipient.
- Freight bill: The final invoice, which includes shipping costs and any additional charges. The freight bill is provided by your carrier, forwarder or 3PL.
Additional International Freight Documents
Shipping internationally? Expect more paperwork. These international freight documents are usually required across all modes:
- Certificate of origin: Certifies the country where the goods were manufactured. This can affect tariff rates under trade agreements.
- Commercial invoice: Used by customs to assess duties and taxes. It includes buyer and seller info, product details, prices and the total transaction value.
- Export/Import customs declaration: Lists the goods' value, weight, description, and destination. It's essential for customs clearance and duty calculation.
- Harmonized system (HS) code: Include this across multiple documents to ensure a seamless clearance process.
Quick Reference Table: What You Need by Mode
| Freight Mode | Required Documents | Recommended / Sometimes Required |
| Road Freight | Bill of Lading (BOL) — Legal contract and shipment record.
|
|
| Air Freight | Air Waybill — Serves as both shipping label and contract. Created by the carrier based on shipper info. |
|
| Rail Freight | Bill of Lading (BOL) — Use if transfer to a third party is needed.
Waybill — Use for direct shipments only. |
|
| Ocean Freight | Bill of Lading (BOL) — If shipment may change hands.
Sea Waybill — For direct-to-consignee shipments. |
|
The Power of Partnering with a 3PL (and Using a TMS)
Freight documentation is complex — but it doesn't have to be a headache. Partnering with an experienced 3PL like GlobalTranz ensures you meet all requirements for domestic and international freight documents, including those for hazardous materials and multimodal shipments.
Our transportation management system (TMS) assists in every step of your freight documentation process and includes the following features:
- Auto-generates documents like bills of lading, packing lists and invoices
- Centralizes your documents in one secure, easy-to-access platform
- Integrates with your other systems (e.g., e-commerce or ERP)
- Reduces costly errors and ensures regulatory compliance
With a knowledgeable 3PL and powerful TMS at your side, you'll save time, stay organized and ship with confidence.
Ready to simplify your freight shipping?
Let GlobalTranz help you navigate freight documents, manage complex regulations and streamline every shipment. Schedule your custom shipping consultation today and see how we can support your freight goals — from BOL shipping to air freight documents and everything in between.